درس2: انواع ترکیبات روشن کننده

     Here's an overview of skin whitening agents, including both drugs and cosmetic products commonly used to treat         hyperpigmentation and even skin tone:

     1. Drugs for Skin Whitening
     These are pharmaceutical-grade treatments that are typically more potent and used under medical supervision:

     a. Hydroquinone
     b. Retinoids (e.g., Tretinoin, Retinol)
     c. Azelaic Acid
     d. Tranexamic Acid

     2. Cosmetic Products for Skin Whitening
     These include over-the-counter (OTC) products that are less potent but safer for general use:

     a. Arbutin
     b. Kojic Acid
     c. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
     d. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

     3. Natural and Plant-Based Agents
    These are sought after for their perceived safety and minimal side effects:

     a. Licorice Extract (Glabridin)
     b. Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

     4. Combination Formulations
     Combining various active ingredients often yields better results:
     - Hydroquinone and Retinoids: Enhanced lightening and cell turnover.
     - Vitamin C with Vitamin E and Ferulic Acid: Stabilizes and enhances antioxidant effects.
     - Kojic Acid with AHAs (like glycolic acid): Improves penetration and exfoliation for better results.

      5. Safety Considerations
      - Sun Protection: Crucial when using any skin-lightening agents to prevent increased photosensitivity and protect        results.
     - Patch Testing: Recommended for agents like kojic acid or high-potency products to avoid irritation.
     - Regulatory Concerns: Some agents like hydroquinone face restrictions in various regions due to potential side           effects.